Major Discoveries in Electrical Communication in the 1800’s

The nineteenth century was a very prolific era of discovery in electrical knowledge and technologies that laid the foundation for modern electrical communication. During this period of time the foundations of modern electrically based technologies were discovered. The nineteenth century began with a debate between Luigi Galvani, and Alessandro Volta regarding the source of electricity in Galvani’s famous frog experiment. These debates lead to the invention of the battery by Volta, and the invention of Volta’s. Volta’s discoveries would lead the way for Ohm’s law several years later. However, before that discovery was made Hans Christian Ørstead discovered electromagnetism, which was then used by Andrà © Marie Amperà ¨ to show that magnetism†¦show more content†¦Galvani noticed that when a metal scalpel was brought close one of the nerves in the frog that the frog’s leg would move. Galvani stated that the electricity observed in the fr ogs was intrinsic the nerves of the frog. Galvani used multiple different metals combinations to demonstrate the electric phenomenon. He would further demonstrate that metals were seemingly unneeded. He did this by manipulating the nerves and muscles of the frogs in such way that caused the same twitch, as when a metal object was brought near. The publication of his research in 1791 would peak the interest of Alessandro Volta. Volta was convinced that Galvani’s animal electricity was not the result of the animal tissues, but the metals within those tissues. In an effort to prove this Volta invented the battery . Volta’s battery was built out of alternating zinc and copper disks with cloth (or a similar medium) soaked in salt water [10]. Volta stated the following regarding the nature of electricity with respect to Galvani’s animal electricity: Herein lies the whole secret, the whole magic of Galvanism. It is simply an artificial electricity, which acts under th e impulse of contacts between different conductors† [9]. At this point Volta’s theory of electricity by contact was fully accepted. Just after Volta’s greatest discovery and before that of Ohm, Hans Christian Ørstead discovered magnetism. Ørstead conducted a series of experiments thatShow MoreRelatedThe Development of Wireless Communication Leading to the Alexanderson Alternator Not much has1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development of Wireless Communication Leading to the Alexanderson Alternator Not much has changed in human nature in the past couple centuries. When we want something, we desire exactly what we want without deviation and we wish to have it quickly. This is as evident in modern times as it was in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is difficult to imagine for the modern man, but there was once a time when messages and information had to be delivered by hand, horseback or byRead MoreThe Human Race : A Great Deal Over The Course Of Recent History Essay1050 Words   |  5 Pagesengineers - however, despite this, many do not realise their contribution and importance. One of the fundamental bases behind these engineering feats is the harnessing of energy sources, such as electrical and heat energy. This has allowed for many innovations, for example power stations, transportation, communications and computers, which have all become critical to society and the modern world in which we live. 1 – Introduction It is almost impossible, today, to look around you and not seeRead MoreThe Invention Of Inventors : Inventing Solutions Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pagesand are even taken for granted. However, if we look back in time, we can see just how impactful these inventions were. This essay will discuss the many different inventions throughout history that changed the world we live in today, for better. One major invention that is underestimated today is clothing. The common cloth used today started out as cotton. Cotton strands are separated from the seeds of a cotton plant and those fibres are used to make fabrics and clothing. Separating the cotton strandsRead MoreInventions And Inventions Of The United States1466 Words   |  6 Pagesanything along its path. The United States had a small, weak, economy, until the mid-1800s when inventions and innovations united and strengthened the economy. From the beginning of time, people have invented things and innovated to help expand their economy. Gunpowder, the printing press, language, the wheel, pottery, post offices, and man-made bridges are all examples of inventions that led to economic growth. In 1800 prior to railroads, the only practical way to travel and trade across long distancesRead MoreSteam Engine4823 Words   |  20 Pagesof time.   But, no practical uses for steam emerged until the 17th century.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The majority of people will tell you that the steam engine was invented by James Watt.   But, this is far from the truth.   Like all other great inventions and great discoveries, the steam engine came about after centuries of work by numerous scientists, engineers and even writers.   It came from a compilation of work and theories that took centuries to complete.   If James Watt was not the first to create the steam engineRead MoreThe Telegraph : The First Form Of Communications And Rise Of Modern Technological Networks2278 Words   |  10 Pagestelegraph was the first form of communications and rise of modern technological networks. This new network provided faster connections between people, places, markets, armies, and government. Telegraphs carried very important time sensitive news. For the first time man could communicate with another man from a great distance changing everything from how we saw communication. The rises of new technological networks were filling America during the mid 1800s to mid 1900 s. The idea of communicating throughoutRead MoreHow the Industrial Revolution Affects Us Today5039 Words   |  21 Pagesliving standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth†¦Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before† (Robert E. Lucas, 1997). Steam power, machine-based manufacturing, water power, improved communication, and railroads were just the tip of the iceberg as far as technological innovations went. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world. The impact of this changeRead MoreMac vs. IBM2252 Words   |  10 Pagesending struggle to see who ranks the better competition. Because Microsoft has dominated the software field, more and more businesses use PCs rather than Macs. But does that make the PC better than the Mac. Let s take a trip back in time and review the evolution o f a computer company. It s not IBM or Microsoft. This company is Apple Computers, Incorporated. In the year 1976, before most people even thought about buying a computer for their homes. Back then the computer community added up to aRead MoreWhat differences and similarities existed between the development and the social work of the telegraph and the telephone?3611 Words   |  15 Pagesridicule, and even elements of fear. The wisdom of twenty-first century hindsight makes such reticence seem incredible and somewhat amusing, but the very magnitude of instantaneous communication was the source of anxiety in the first recipients as much as of excitement. In an era when any form of distance communication necessarily involved travel, the advent of the US telegraph in the 1844 represented a huge shift in reality. It is hardly surprising that it took a significant period of time beforeRead MoreEssay on Wireless Electricity14464 Words   |  58 Pagesrealized that battery life is almost depleted and the thought of recharging now becomes a reality. Where does one even begin to go to recharge or plug in their device? Picture being in the home of your dreams, do you want the position and placements of electrical wall outlets to tell you where your furniture or appliances are going to go? It is these simple yet important common occurrences that one considers when trying to simplify their lifestyle. With a more widespread use of wireless electricity, these

Equality in America - 3947 Words

WOMEN In the middle to late 1800s, diversity swept across the United States of America. What is diversity? Diversity implies a wide variety in gender, race, culture, ethnicity, age, and other characteristics of certain groups (Diversity, 2006). Diversity is present in every possible aspect of life. It does not matter where one goes or what one does in America, no two people look or act exactly the same. America has been and still is known as a nation of freedom and diversity. Today, America is considered to be the melting pot, a place where all cultures are supposedly accepted and come together as a whole. Diversity is an issue that Americans have dealt with in the past, are currently dealing with, and will deal with in the†¦show more content†¦When faced with her fathers hurtful words, Elizabeth Cady Stanton was determined to make a difference and help women gain equality (Hymowitz Weissman, 1978). It was obvious to her parents that Susan B. Anthony was going to ma ke a difference in the world. Anthony was an extremely gifted child who had learned to read and write by the time she was three years old. Anthonys father, a Quaker Abolitionist, instilled a strong work-ethic in her at an early age. Anthonys parents treasured their girls and believed they should have unlimited opportunity at success even though they were females. He and his wife were appalled when one of Anthonys teachers refused to teach her mathematics because she was not a boy. Learning this, her father took her out of the school system and hired a female tutor, Mary Perkins, to instruct Anthony and her sisters. Many believe that it was Perkins who got Anthony first involved in womens equality. Not only did Perkins teach academics, she taught lifes lessons and stressed to Anthony and her sisters that they could accomplish just as much as any male. She taught the girls self-motivation, self-discipline, and self-respect (Hymowitz Weissman, 1978). Together, Elizabeth Cady S tanton and Susan B. Anthony worked to gain equality for women in hopes that one day all women would be treated equally in the so-called equal world in which they lived. In 1868, Stanton and Anthony helped create theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Equality in America897 Words   |  4 PagesEquality in America Equality is something Americans strive to provide and maintain. It has become an integral and necessary part of our mosaic culture. Even now to the point that when people think of America, they naturally think of freedom and equality. People of many different races, disabilities and creeds have come to the United States seeking the impartiality upon which this country was founded. The institutions of this country have relied upon it, just as it was the created by the eventsRead More America: Myth Of Equality Essays1325 Words   |  6 Pages America: Myth of Equality To many, the Unites States serves as the ideal model of democracy for the modern world. Yet, how truly worthy is America of this status? Although it has been said that, â€Å"Equality is as American as baseball, hot dogs, and apple pie,† one must be extremely critical when analyzing such a statement. By taking a historical perspective to the question of how â€Å"equal† American equality actually is, it is simple to recognize how problematic the â€Å"Land of the Free† mentality canRead MoreThe Fight For Equality Throughout America1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fight For Equality Throughout history, minority groups in America have struggled day after day for the political and social equality that was promised to them in the constitution, that only a portion of the population actually enjoys. The time period from the end of WWII to the present has featured massive movements for equality. Mexican Americans and the LGBT community fought tirelessly for the political rights, social equality, and equal pay that the majority took for granted, and many areRead MoreThe Stress on Americas Equality Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesIn America’s society, equality has always been a reoccurring issue. All the way from early slavery and the Holocaust to discrimination toward African Americans, females, and now same-sex marriages. As much as our world focuses on becoming equal, each culture deals with it’s own differences. In Michael Jackson’s song, â€Å"Black or White† compared with Macklemore and Ryan Lewis’ song, â€Å"Same Love,† they each approach the same topic encompassing equality. Songs from completely two different generationsRead MoreAn American Ideal Of Equality Is Not An America At All.1501 Words   |  7 Pages An America without equality is not an America at all. The common American citizen would say that the definition of equality is; Equal rights among all people. Equality is also defined as the state or quality of being equal; correspondence in quantity, degree, value, rank, or ability. A historical example that demonstrates the American ideal of equality is the court case Plessy Vs. Ferguson (1896). Plessy was arrested for riding in a white-only seat for being an African-American citizen riding inRead MoreRacism Is America Truly A Place Of Equality?2459 Words   |  10 Pages Is America truly a place of equality? Are all races treated equally? I believe that the answer to these questions is â€Å"NO†, because racism is still a prominent issue of today’s society. Yes, we prog ressed greatly from the past but we still have a long way to go. In order for us to continue working towards equality for all and the end of racism, we must be aware that racism is still alive and continues to affect the world that we live in. 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Trinidad Education Free Essays

In Trinidad, The Ministry of Education has the policy of free education for all. They preach that this ‘free’ education is not based on class, wealth, race, gender or ethnicity but rather is a way to ensure that the entire nation is educated. Though these are the promises on Trinidad’s and Tobago’s Education Policy Paper, how is it that only nine of every one thousand people continue onto college, university or any higher education after secondary school? Twenty-one percent of Trinidadians live in poverty, which means that twenty-one percent of citizens do not have access to running water or proper health care. We will write a custom essay sample on Trinidad Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of this, many children in these poor families immediately enter the world of work or become ‘beggars’ to help feed their family. This shows the importance of social class on the initial decision of whether a child will be educated or not. This is not common as only two percent of Trinidad’s population is illiterate. I would categorize myself in the middle to high status class in my country and this has, in many ways affected my educational opportunities. I lived in a town known as Diego Martin and though my neighborhood mostly consisted of people within my same social class, the town itself has many neighborhoods consisting of people living in poverty. Pre-school education is not considered by government policies and therefore, there are no public pre-schools and if a family wants to enroll their child in preschool they would have to do so privately and with their own money. This goes to show that the first level of education in Trinidad is in fact not free. Because of this, my parents enrolled me in a private pre-school, which would indeed have to be paid for with their own money. This shows the immediate impact that class has on one’s education from just the first steps. Pre-school in Trinidad usually takes about two years and here is where a child learns his numbers and letters and therefore these children living under the poverty line are somewhat ‘robbed’ of these essential learning years. After this, a child must then be signed up for primary school where he or he will spend the following seven years. There are two hundred and sixteen primary schools in the country, one hundred and sixty-three of which are funded by various religious institutions, thirty-two of which are funded by the government and therefore are completely free of charge, and twenty-one of which are privately run. I attended a privately run school as these had higher success rates in the SEA or Secondary Entrance Assessment examination that all primary school students are prepared for in order to gain placement in the school of one’s choice. Once again, though there is an availability of free primary level education, the members of the middle and higher social class send their children to privately run schools in order to ensure that teachers are constantly present and not on strike due to low government wages, and that their children receive a more well-rounded education as there are funds now for sports and other recreational activities. Personally, attending a private school made me not only feel safe, as there were not usually guards present in government funded institutions due to high cost, but to also gave me the opportunities to join different sporting teams and go on school ‘outings’ to various national attractions and the necessary preparation to gain a placement in the secondary school of my choice- the number one girls secondary school in Trinidad. The entrance examination is one aspect that I can truly say that had absolutely nothing to do with class, race or ethnicity as each student was given an identification number and placement into choice schools was done based on results. These secondary schools were again a seven-year course. Therefore, in total one should spend sixteen years at school in order to complete what is considered a general education but the average number of years spent at school in Trinidad is eleven. This means that the average student ‘drops out’ of secondary school after two years. As a female in the top all girls’ institution, I became very gender bias as my school continuously obtained the most government scholarships year after year. Not only that, but nationally women received a significant number of scholarships more than the men did. This may have wrongly shaped my idea that women are in fact smarter than men based on what I experienced at home. Tertiary education for many Trinidadians is extremely class bias. There is one university known as the University of the West Indies and though it is extremely renowned in engineering and mathematical studies it can only facilitate a very small percentage of graduates every year. Therefore, if one wishes to study, he or she may have to look at schools abroad which is a huge expense for any family. Studying in the United States has been a great privilege for me that would never have been possible if I belonged to a lower social class. Overall, my social status granted me opportunities unimaginable for many residents in my country. Despite government efforts to better the education levels of the country there is still a lot to be done in order to meet the goal that class does not determine one’s level or education. How to cite Trinidad Education, Essay examples

Cyprus History Of The Conflict Essay Example For Students

Cyprus History Of The Conflict Essay Cyprus, an island in the Eastern Mediterranean, at the cross-roads of three continents Europe, Asia and Africa has one of the oldest histories of the world, dating back 9000 years. Its strategic position, its wealth in forests and mineral deposits, as well as its skilled craftsmen, made it the prized possession of the powers of the day. Cultural influences came from all directions all major regional civilisations left their mark on the island, contributing to the development of a very rich and diverse cultural heritage. ANCIENT TIMESThe Stone AgeThe first signs of human life on the island date back to c. 8500 BC during the Palaeolithic period. Evidence of human activity was found in cave dwellings near Liopetri, though it is not known whether they were just hunting parties passing through or permanent settlers. The first undisputed settlements are believed to have been established towards the end of the 8th millennium BC. Vestiges of such early communities are found all over the island, such as at Khirokitia, Kalavasos-Tenta, Apostolos Andreas-Kastros, Phrenaros, Petra tou Limniti. Neolithic Cypriots built circular houses with small undressed stones for the lower structures and sun-dried mudbricks and clay for the middle and superstructure. The Khirokitia neolithic settlement in Larnaca district stands out as a striking example of prehistoric architecture. The Bronze/ Copper AgeLarge copper deposits brought fame and wealth to the island and may have even given it its name. It has been documented that during the bronze age Cyprus had intense commercial relations with the main commercial and cultural centres of that time. During this period metallurgy and pottery flourished while close relations developed, particularly with Crete, which are also expressed in the Cypro-Minoan script which appeared in Cyprus around 1500 BC. Of special significance for the future of Cyprus was its colonisation around 1200 BC by Mycenaean and Achaean Greeks, a migration process that lasted for more than a century. They brought with them to the island the Hellenic language, culture and religion. Legend has it that the first Hellenes who settled in Cyprus were heroes of the Trojan war. The arrival of the Achaeans greatly influenced town planning, architecture, and pottery. Since then Cyprus has remained predominantly Greek in culture, language and population despite influences resulting from successive occupations. Iron AgeMore and more people from the Greek world came to live in Cyprus. They built city along the lines of the Greek ones. There were about eleven city kingdoms in all: Kourion, Paphos, Soloi, Marion, Lapithos, Salamis, Kition, Kyrenia, Amathus, and Idalion. Although Cyprus was conquered by other peoples, these city kingdoms mostly ruled themselves, paying taxes to their conquerors. The island was conquered in succession by the Assyrians, the Egyptians and the Persians (800-332 BC). The Classical Period For more than a century, Cyprus was caught in the middle of the power struggle between Greece and Persia. In the 6th century BC Persia became the dominant power and the kings of Cyprus, while being allowed to retain their autonomy, were obliged to pay tribute to the Persian King and place their military forces at his disposal. Persias domination, however, was not maintained easily and there were several attempts tooverthrow the Persian yoke, the most significant being the Ionian revolt and an attempt by King Evagoras I of Salamis to unite all of Cyprus city-kingdoms under him. ttempts failed. The Hellenistic PeriodCyprus stayed in Persian hands until Alexander the Great defeated the Persian Empire when the island became part of his huge Empire. Upon Alexanders deathCyprus fell to one of his generals, Ptolemy I, the ruler of Egypt. From then on Cyprus, under the Ptolemies, was an integral part of the Hellenistic World until its integration with the Roman Empire in 30 BC. During this time Cyprus experienced significant cultural activity and close contacts with the city kingdoms of the Hellenic World. Harrison Bergeron EssayHowever, there was very harsh rule and harsh taxation which impoverished the people, and there were continual revolts. In 1821 an attempt by Cypriots to support the Greeks in their revolt against Ottoman rule was brutally crushed, with the Archbishop being publicly hanged and many others, including three bishops, put to death. Cyprus remained under Ottoman rule until 1878 when, with the Treaty of Berlin, the Sultan in his effort to secure British support in his conflict with the Russians leased Cyprus to Great Britain. Then in 1914, following the entry of Turkey in World War I on the side of Germany, the British government annexed Cyprus and turned it into a Crown colony in 1925. In the meantime Turkey surrendered all claim on Cyprus with the Lausanne Treaty it concluded with Greece in 1923. The British PeriodBritish rule left its mark on the islands complex culture with the adoption by the people Cyprus of some of the customs of their colonial masters, the legacy of some British colonial buildings, and, most importantly, the tradition of the British administration especially in the civil service. Cypriots fought alongside the allies against fascism and nazism during World War II. The British, however, refused to keep their word and offer the island the right of self determination at the end of the war. There followed the Enosis referendum of 1950, when 96% of Greek Cypriots voted for Enosis, Union with Greece. In April 1955 the EOKA Liberation Struggle, against the colonial rulers, resulted in the granting of independence to the island on the basis of the Zurich and London Agreements of February 1959. Independence and invasionThe independent Republic of Cyprus came into being in August 1960. Its first President was Archbishop Makarios. Over the first three years of independence relations between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots deteriorated, mainly as a result of flaws in the constitution which gave disproportional rights to the Turkish Cypriot community including the right to block the passing of laws. In 1963 intercommunal violence broke out following which many Turkish Cypriots withdrew to enclaves. Attempts to bring the two sides back together were made through the United Nations who sent a contingent to the island. On 15 July 1974 the Junta ruling Athens at the time organised a coup to overthrow Archbishop Makarios. A week later Turkey invaded the island, claiming this was to restore constitutional order. However, when the rightful government was restored, Turkish troops stayed on, implementing a long-held policy of partitioning the island. They went on to occupy more than a third of Cyprus, forcing 200,000 people to lose their homes and become refugees. The area under Turkish occupation unilaterally declared independence in1983, an act condemned by the UN and other international organisations. No country in the world other than Turkey has recognised this illegal state. The political issue, despite efforts to solve it, remains virtually frozen since 1974 and the occupation of part of Cyprus by the Turkish army still continues.